|
A number is said to be a limit point of a sequence if every neighborhood , of is such that , for infinitely many values of , i.e. for any , , for finitely many values of . Evidently, if , for infinitely many values of then is a limit point of the sequence . As in the case of sets of real numbers, limit points of a sequence may also be called accumulation, cluster or condensation points. The limit points of a sequence may be classified in two types: (i) those for which , for infinitely many values of , (ii) those for which for only a finite number of values of . But this distinction not very much needed. As such, we do not distinguish the above mentioned two types of limit points of sequences by different titles. It should be noted that every limit point of the range set of a sequence is also a limit point of the sequence , because every neighborhood of contains infinitely many points of and so of the sequence . On the other hand, a limit point of may or may nor be a limit point of . If the values of only a finite number of terms of are not distinct then, evidently the limit points of are the same as those of the set . Conclusively, it follows that the limit points of a sequence are either the points or the limit points of the set .
Example 1: If a sequence is defined by , then is the only limit point of sequence. Solution: For any , . Therefore, is a limit pint of the sequence. Let and . Then for all , . When . Thus no point other than is the limit point of the sequence. Note that the limit point of the sequence is not a limit point of the range .
Example 2: If , then is the only limit point of the sequence .
Sufficient conditions for number to be or not to be a limit point of a sequence .
-
If for every  such that  ,  or equivalently  , then  is a limit point of the sequence  .In such a case it can be easily seen that  is the only limit point of the sequence. The above condition is not necessary as it can be seen for the sequence  ,  is a limit point of this sequence but the above condition is not satisfied.
-
If for an  ,  for only a finite number of values of  then  is not a limit point of  . Such a condition is also necessary for a number  not to be a limit point of the sequence  .
Remarks:
- Whenever we simply write
it is implied that may be howsoever small positive number.
-
A positive number  is said to be arbitrary small if given any  ,  may be chosen such that  .
-
If  be an arbitrary small positive number and given any  then  is also an arbitrary small positive number. This follows immediately if we take  for an  .
-
If  are two arbitrary small positive numbers then it readily follows that  is a limit point of a sequence  if and only if  for infinitely many values of  .
Example 3: Every bounded sequence has at least one limit point.
Example 4: The set of limit points of a bounded sequence is bounded.
Theorem: The set of limit points of every sequence is a closed set.
Corollary: Every bounded set , of limit points of a sequence , contains smallest and greatest members.
|