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» Home » Real Analysis »

Limit Points of a Sequence

            A number l is said to be a limit point of a sequenceu if every neighborhood, of l is such that, for infinitely many values of, i.e. for any, , for finitely many values of. Evidently, if, for infinitely many values of  then  is a limit point of the sequence.
            As in the case of sets of real numbers, limit points of a sequence may also be called accumulation, cluster or condensation points. The limit points of a sequence may be classified in two types: (i) those for which, for infinitely many values of, (ii) those for which for only a finite number of values of. But this distinction not very much needed. As such, we do not distinguish the above mentioned two types of limit points of sequences by different titles. It should be noted that every limit point of the range set  of a sequence is also a limit point of the sequence , because every neighborhood of  contains infinitely many points of  and so of the sequence. On the other hand, a limit point ofmay or may nor be a limit point of.
            If the values of only a finite number of terms of are not distinct then, evidently the limit points of are the same as those of the set. Conclusively, it follows that the limit points of a sequence are either the points or the limit points of the set.

Example 1: If a sequence is defined by, then is the only limit point of
sequence.
Solution: For any,  . Therefore, is a limit pint of the sequence. Let  and. Then for all, . When. Thus no point other than is the limit point of the sequence. Note that the limit point of the sequence is not a limit point of the range.


Example 2: If , then is the only limit point of the sequence.


Sufficient conditions for number to be or not to be a limit point of a sequence.

  1. If for every such that,  or equivalently  , then is a limit point of the sequence.In such a case it can be easily seen that is the only limit point of the sequence. The above condition is not necessary as it can be seen for the sequence, is a limit point of this sequence but the above condition is not satisfied.
  2. If for an,  for only a finite number of values of then is not a limit point of. Such a condition is also necessary for a number not to be a limit point of the sequence.

Remarks:

  1. Whenever we simply write it is implied that may be howsoever small positive number.
  2. A positive number is said to be arbitrary small if given any,  may be chosen such that.
  3. If  be an arbitrary small positive number and given any then  is also an arbitrary small positive number. This follows immediately if we take  for an.
  4. If  are two arbitrary small positive numbers then it readily follows thatis a limit point of a sequence if and only if for infinitely many values of.

Example 3: Every bounded sequenceu has at least one limit point.

Example 4: The set of limit points of a bounded sequenceu is bounded.

Theorem: The set of limit pointsE of every sequenceu is a closed set.

Corollary: Every bounded setE, of limit points of a sequenceu, contains smallest and greatest members.




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