# Theorems of Normal Subgroups

Theorem 1: A subgroup $N$ of a group $G$ is normal if and only if $xN{x^{ - 1}} = N\,\,\,\,\forall x \in G$.
Proof: Let $xN{x^{ - 1}} = N\,\,\,\,\forall x \in G$, then $xN{x^{ - 1}} \subset N\,\,\,\,\forall x \in G$. Therefore $N$ is a normal subgroup of $G$.
Conversely, Let $N$ be a normal subgroup of $G$. Then

Also $x \in G \Rightarrow {x^{ - 1}} \in G$. Therefore we have

From (i) and (ii) we conclude that

Theorem 2: A subgroup $N$ of a group $G$ is a normal subgroup of $G$if an only if each left coset of $N$ in $G$ is a right coset of $N$ in $G$

Proof:
Let $N$ be a normal subgroup of $G$ then

$\Rightarrow$ each left coset $xN$ is the coset $Nx$
Conversely, let each left coset of $N$ in $G$ be a right coset of $N$ in $G$. It means that if $x$ is any element of $G$, then the left coset $xN$ is also a right coset. Now $e \in N$ and therefore $xe = x \in xN$. So $x$ must also belongs to that right coset which is equal to left coset  $xN$. But $x$ is an element of the right coset $Nx$ and two right cosets are either disjoint or identical, i.e. if two right cosets contain one common element then they are identical. Therefore $Nx$ is the unique right coset which is equal to the left coset $xN$. Therefore, we have

$\Rightarrow$ $N$ is normal subgroup of $G$.

Theorem 3: A subgroup $N$ of a group $G$ is normal subgroup of $G$ if and only if the product of two right cosets of $N$ in $G$ is again a right coset of $N$ in $G$.

Theorem 4: The intersection of two normal subgroups of a group is a normal subgroup.